We will assume a total ladle weight of 150 tons. Since the ladle is made of heavy steel plate lined with refractory brick, its capacity for holding molten metal
Ladle cranes carry molten metal from the furnace into a converter and a refining furnace for fabrication. Different scales of production use different rail and
The scrap metal is melted and refined using electrical energy. During melting, oxidation of phosphorus, silicon, manganese, carbon, and other materials occurs,
cupola furnaces were tapped every 15 minutes into a ladle capable of holding 12 tons. The ladle was raised by hydraulic pressure, and the molten iron was
